Click to
View Plan
Phase 6.1: late 12th to early 13th century    
 
Timber Buildings M and N on the Walmgate street frontage Matrix Diagram
After the clearance of the kilns in the north-west corner of the excavation area two timber buildings (Buildings M and N) were constructed on the Walmgate street frontage, parallel to it and side by side.
 
 Ctrl+Click/Drag - Zoom In | Shift+Ctrl+Click - Zoom Out | Alt+Drag - Pan | Right Click - Menu
Show Interpretation Layer       Show Intrusions
 
A cobbled road surface (4084), a predecessor of the present day Walmgate, was laid down on the north side of the site. This was on a similar orientation to, though slightly wider than, the present day street. Shortly after this two buildings (M and N) were constructed side by side and parallel to the street front. Various construction techniques were used within both buildings; the frontage consisted of a frame supported on limestone sill walls (including 4048 and 40704071), while the rear and side walls were constructed using earth-fast posts (including 2656, 3003, 3176, 3223), rough cobble post-pads (including 3177 and 3182) and clay-packed slot foundations (including 3088).

Building M was constructed first, measuring c.7m long by c.4m wide. It had a lean-to or annexe attached to its southern side, which measured over 2m long and c.2m wide and was built of earth-fast posts (including 3007 and 33683369). The annexe contained a large hearth and may be interpreted as a kitchen or "hot" work area for some craft activity. The frequent occurrence of oyster shell (see the environmental report) within the annexe may suggest that it was used for food preparation. Within Building M a partition wall was constructed on its eastern side (including post-holes 37953798), just to the east of a possible doorway onto Walmgate. The doorway can be seen as a gap in wall 4048. In the interior of Building M extensive spreads of sand, charcoal and clay formed floors (including 3027, 3179 and 4041. A hearth of clay was built within a construction cut (4101) in the north-west corner of the building.

Building N was attached to the west side of Building M and measured c.6m long and c.4.25m wide. This building appears to have been utilised for iron smithing, as substantial quantities of iron slag were recovered from floor surfaces within it. A metalworking hearth (2953) and a probable anvil base (2977) were also recognised. A number of post- and stake-holes situated close to the northern and western walls (2768, 2774, 2778, 2781, 2782, 3676, 3679 and 3682) may indicate the presence of an internal fixture, such as a bench, or the position of internal scaffolding, wall or roof supports. Hearth 3161, pit 3089 and pit backfill 2949 may also be associated with metalworking within Building N.

Intense heat from hearth 3039, situated within the annexe of Building M, caused structural damage to the western side of the annexe and the south side of both Building M and N on a number of occasions. The south walls of both buildings and the western side of the annexe underwent several phases of rebuilding and repair work, with posts being replaced and new floors being laid down over scorched areas. A large number of post-hole alignments were inserted on the southern side of Building N. These may have formed an annexe attached to the south side of the building, although its function and form are uncertain.

The evidence from artefacts recovered from Building M suggests that it was not used as a domestic structure but perhaps as a workshop. As well as iron smithing, lead working and perhaps bone and horn working were carried out within the buildings. The pottery recovered suggests that both buildings were constructed in the early 13th century, and were roofed with peg or plain tile. The foundations included some re-used limestone blocks and a re-used architectural fragment from a renovated church or a substantial house demolished close by.

Archaeological deposits within the backyard suggest further structures of unknown size and function (from one of which a wooden post was recovered) as well as further scattered activities perhaps including copper alloy working and, unusually at this date, the butchery of calves (see Environmental Report).


Click to enlarge
View of the site, facing north-west

Click to enlarge
Wall 4048, looking north-west

Click to enlarge
Hearth 2953 facing south west

Click to enlarge
Horn core fragments from Phase 6.1
© Copyright York Archaeological Trust 2003